Gut–Pancreas Interactions and Microbiome-Based Biomarkers in the Early Prediction of Insulin Resistance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64784/075Keywords:
Gut–pancreas axis, insulin resistance, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, metabolic endotoxemia, predictive biomarkers, type 2 diabetesAbstract
Insulin resistance represents a critical stage in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), frequently preceding clinical diagnosis by several years. Increasing evidence indicates that the gut–pancreas axis plays a central role in metabolic regulation through complex interactions between intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites, inflammatory signaling, and pancreatic endocrine function. This review synthesizes current scientific evidence on the contribution of the gut–pancreas axis to insulin resistance, with particular emphasis on emerging microbiome-related biomarkers with potential predictive value for T2DM. A structured narrative review of peer-reviewed international literature was conducted, integrating experimental, observational, metagenomic, and interventional studies addressing gut microbiota composition, functional metabolic outputs, inflammatory pathways, and biomarker development. The findings indicate that functional microbial products, especially short-chain fatty acids, along with metabolic inflammation and endotoxemia-related mechanisms, are consistently associated with impaired insulin sensitivity. Metagenomic signatures and barrier-related interactions further support a systems-level role of the gut microbiome in metabolic dysregulation, while dietary and microbiota-based interventions demonstrate the modifiability of these pathways. Collectively, the evidence supports the gut–pancreas axis as a biologically coherent and clinically relevant framework for early risk stratification of insulin resistance. Integrative biomarker models combining microbial, inflammatory, and conventional metabolic indicators may enhance early prediction and inform preventive strategies across diverse populations.
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